References

Source Register

Below you will find a consolidated, annotated register of the primary documents and secondary scholarship cited across Inner Dharma. Please consult the glossary for a list of terms and their definitions.

Primary sources

Classical manuscripts and archival documents, with archive and shelfmark where held.

實叉難陀 (Śikṣānanda, trans.). 699 AD. 大方廣佛華嚴經 (Daihōkō butsu Kegon-kyō; 80-fascicle Avataṃsaka). 大正新脩大藏經 (Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō). T10, no. 279 · Open full-text via CBETA and SAT2018.
Cited in: Shinkage-ryū in Kyushu
靜筠二禪師 (Jing and Yun, comp.). 952 AD. 祖堂集 (Sodōshū; Zǔtáng jí). 大藏經補編 (Dazangjing bubian). B25, no. 144 · Open full-text via CBETA.
Cited in: Shinkage-ryū in Kyushu
道原 (Daoyuan). 1004. 景德傳燈錄 (Keitoku Dentōroku; Jǐngdé chuándēng lù). 大正新脩大藏經 (Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō). T51, no. 2076 · Open full-text via CBETA and SAT2018.
Cited in: Shinkage-ryū in Kyushu
Chéng Zōngyóu (程宗猷; 1561–1636). 1621. “Gēngyú shèngjì (耕餘剩技; Skills Beyond Farming).” Manuscript.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Huáng Zōngxī (黃宗羲). 1669. “Wáng Zhēngnán mùzhìmíng (王征南墓誌銘; Epitaph for Wang Zhengnan).” Manuscript.
Cited in: Aiki and Internal Training, An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Nakano Nariaki. 1710. “Taisha-ryū kaichū (タイ捨流解紐).” Saga Prefectural Library (main building), Nabeshima-ke Bunko (reproduction; original deposited by the Nabeshima Hōkōkai). 複鍋/353-1 · 複製史料 (reproduction copy), in-library use only (禁帯出), open stacks (新庫３層), item code 210018230; on shelf. No digitization or published transcription located; photocopy of the reproduction obtainable on request..
Cited in: Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō
Hinatsu Shigetaka. 1716. Honchō bugei shōden. Bujutsu sōsho (武術叢書, 1915) collation, NDL Digital Collections; also Shinpen bujutsu sōsho (Jinbutsu Ōraisha, 1968), pp. 5–108. NDL 789.3-B98-B; pid 2518501 · digitized; NDL registered-user transmission (個人送信).
Cited in: Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō
Dài Lóngbāng (戴龍邦). 1750. “Liùhé quán xù (六合拳序; Preface to the Six-Harmonies Fist Manual).” Manuscript.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Mikami Genryū. 1790. Gekiken sōdan (撃剣叢談).
Cited in: Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō, The Yagyū in the Gekiken Sōdan
国書刊行会 (Kokusho Kankōkai, ed.). 1915. 武術叢書 (Bujutsu sōsho). 国書刊行会. NDL Digital Collections 945805.
Cited in: The Yagyū in the Gekiken Sōdan
Huáng Bǎijiā (黃百家). 1928. “Nèijiā quánfǎ (內家拳法; Methods of the Internal School), in Qīngshǐgǎo (清史稿).” Manuscript.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Wú Gōngzǎo (吳公藻). 1935. Tàijíquán jiǎngyì (太極拳講義). Hunan Martial Arts Training Institute (湖南國術訓練所).
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Matsuo Bashō. 1979. Bashō: Oku no hosomichi, tsuki Sora ryonikki, Okuhosomichi sugagomoshō (芭蕉 おくのほそ道――付 曾良旅日記・奥細道菅菰抄). Edited by Hagiwara Yasuo. Iwanami Bunko. Iwanami Shoten (岩波書店).
Cited in: Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō
Patrick Olivelle. 1998. The Early Upaniṣads: Annotated Text and Translation. Oxford University Press.
Cited in: Comparing Patañjali's 8 Limbs with Buddha's Noble 8-fold path
Swami Veda Bharati. 2001. Yoga-Sūtras of Patañjali with the Exposition of Vyāsa, Volume II: Sādhana-pāda. Motilal Banarsidass.
Cited in: Comparing Patañjali's 8 Limbs with Buddha's Noble 8-fold path
Rolf W. Giebel. 2005. The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sutra. BDK English Tripiṭaka. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.
Cited in: Comparing Patañjali's 8 Limbs with Buddha's Noble 8-fold path
Dakpo Tashi Namgyal. 2006. Mahāmudrā: The Moonlight — Quintessence of Mind and Meditation. 2nd ed. Wisdom Publications.
Cited in: Comparing Patañjali's 8 Limbs with Buddha's Noble 8-fold path
Jōshin hosshinnō. n.d. “Shō-ichi-i Haguro Sansho Dai-gongen (正一位羽黒三所大権現).” n.d. Dewa Sanzan History Museum (出羽三山歴史博物館), Hagurosan. accession number not recorded · on display; photographed in situ, 2004.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Jōshin hosshinnō. n.d. “Namu Shōken Daibosatsu (南無照見大菩薩).” n.d. Dewa Sanzan History Museum (出羽三山歴史博物館), Hagurosan. accession number not recorded · on display; photographed in situ, 2004.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Author unknown. n.d. Kōbō Daishi sonzō (弘法大師尊像). Dewa Sanzan History Museum (出羽三山歴史博物館), Hagurosan. accession number not recorded · on display; photographed in situ, 2004.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Dainichi-ji. n.d. Sanzan honji surimono (三山本地刷物). Dewa Sanzan History Museum (出羽三山歴史博物館), Hagurosan. accession number not recorded · on display; photographed in situ, 2004.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Author unknown. n.d. Tengu-kyō (天狗経). Nihon Daizōkyō, Shugendō shōsho subcollection. NDL Digital Collections (login-gated for the relevant volumes); modern reprint via Kokusho Kankōkai 2000.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Qī Jìguāng. 〔1560s; rev. c. 1584〕. Jìxiào xīnshū (紀效新書).
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice

Secondary scholarship

Modern scholarship, reference works and tabulations.

Dainichibō. n.d. Dainichibō kōshiki saito (湯殿山総本寺瀧水寺大日坊 公式サイト).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Dewa Sanzan Jinja. n.d. Dewa Sanzan Jinja kōshiki hōmupēji (出羽三山神社 公式ホームページ).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Haguro-machi Kankō Kyōkai. n.d. Haguro-machi Kankō Kyōkai (羽黒町観光協会).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Itō Nobuhiro (伊藤信博). n.d. “Tengu no imēji seisei ni tsuite — jūni-seiki kōhan made o chūshin ni (天狗のイメージ生成について――十二世紀後半までを中心に).” Nagoya Daigaku Gengo Bunka Ronshū (名古屋大学言語文化論集) 29 (1).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Pranin, Stanley. n.d. Saigō Tanomo and Takeda Sokaku. Aiki News / Aikido Journal, various issues.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Reichsarchiv. n.d. Arisugawa-no-miya-ke (有栖川宮家).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Hagurosan Kōtaku-ji Shōzenin. n.d. Hagurosan Kōtaku-ji Shōzenin kōshiki saito (羽黒山荒澤寺正善院 公式サイト).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Kajitani Toshiaki (梶谷敏明). n.d. Sasaki Kojirō Buzen Soeda-setsu, sono 1–3 (佐々木小次郎豊前添田説 その1～3). Soeda Town (添田町). https://www.town.soeda.fukuoka.jp/site/soeda-shinwa/1103.html.
Cited in: Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō
Sueki Fumihiko. n.d. Nihon Bukkyō-shi (日本仏教史).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Web Hiden. n.d. Okuyama Ryūhō (shodai) (奥山龍峰（初代）).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Akiba Gongen (秋葉権現).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Dainichibō (大日坊).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Daitengu (大天狗).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Dewa Sanzan (出羽三山).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Haguro Gongen (羽黒権現).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Hakkō-ryū Jūjutsu (八光流柔術).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Kōtaku-ji (荒沢寺).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Saigō Tanomo (西郷頼母).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Tendai zasu (天台座主).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Yamagata Prefecture. n.d. Dewa Sanzan (出羽三山), Yamagata monogatari.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Yin Cheng Gong Fa North America. n.d. The Song of Push Hands (Dǎshǒu gē 打手歌).
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Nihon Daizōkyō Hensankai. 1920. Shugendō shōsho (修験道章疏). Nihon Daizōkyō Hensankai (日本大蔵経編纂会).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
熊本地歴研究会 (Kumamoto Chireki Kenkyūkai). 1940. 肥後武道史 (Higo budō-shi). 稲本報徳舎 (Inamoto Hōtokusha).
Cited in: Shinkage-ryū in Kyushu
Táng Háo (唐豪), and Gù Liúxīn (顧留馨). 1964. Tàijíquán yánjiū (太極拳研究). Bailing, Hong Kong.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Earhart, H. Byron. 1970. A Religious Study of the Mount Haguro Sect of Shugendō. Sophia University.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Togawa Anshō. 1973. Dewa Sanzan Shugendō no kenkyū (出羽三山修験道の研究). Kōsei Shuppansha (佼成出版社).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Blacker, Carmen. 1975. The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan. George Allen & Unwin.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Kuroki Toshihiro. 1976. Hizen budō monogatari (肥前武道物語). Saga Shinbunsha (佐賀新聞社).
Cited in: Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō
Nakano Hatayoshi, ed. 1977. Hikosan to Kyūshū no shugendō (英彦山と九州の修験道). Sangaku shūkyō-shi kenkyū sōsho 13. Meicho Shuppan (名著出版).
Cited in: Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō
Togawa Anshō. 1978. Dewa Sanzan to Tōhoku shugen no kenkyū (出羽三山と東北修験の研究). Sangaku shūkyō-shi kenkyū sōsho 5. Meicho Shuppan (名著出版).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō, Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō
Watatani Kiyoshi, and Yamada Tadashi, eds. 1978. Zōho daikaitei Bugei ryūha daijiten (増補大改訂 武芸流派大事典). Tōkyō Kopii Shuppanbu (東京コピイ出版部).
Cited in: Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō
Henning, Stanley E. 1981. “The Chinese Martial Arts in Historical Perspective.” Military Affairs 45 (4): 173–79.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Kurume Shishi Hensan Iinkai, ed. 1981/1999. Kurume shishi (久留米市史). Kurume-shi (久留米市).
Cited in: Shinkage-ryū in Kyushu
Wile, Douglas. 1983. Tai Chi Touchstones: Yang Family Secret Transmissions. Sweet Ch’i Press.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Henning, Stanley E. 1994. “Ignorance, Legend and Taijiquan.” Journal of the Chen Style Taijiquan Research Association of Hawaii 2 (3).
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Wile, Douglas. 1996. Lost T’ai-chi Classics from the Late Ch’ing Dynasty. State University of New York Press.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Zhang Yun. 1998. The Art of Chinese Swordsmanship: A Manual of Taiji Jian. Shambhala Publications.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Gotō Takeshi. 1999. Dewa Sanzan no shinbutsu bunri (出羽三山の神仏分離). Iwata Shoin (岩田書院).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wile, Douglas. 1999. T’ai Chi’s Ancestors: The Making of an Internal Martial Art. Sweet Ch’i Press.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Sekimori, Gaynor. 2000. “Haguro Shugendō and the Separation of Buddha and Kami Worship (shinbutsu bunri), 1868–1890.” PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Miyake Hitoshi (宮家準). 2001. Shugendō: Essays on the Structure of Japanese Folk Religion. University of Michigan Center for Japanese Studies.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Miyake Hitoshi. 2001. Shugendō shōsho kaidai (修験道章疏解題). Kokusho Kankōkai (国書刊行会).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Keene, Donald. 2002. Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. Columbia University Press.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Chigiri Kōsai. 2004. Tengu no kenkyū (天狗の研究). Hara Shobō (原書房).
Cited in: Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō
Kennedy, Brian, and Elizabeth Guo. 2005. Chinese Martial Arts Training Manuals: A Historical Survey. North Atlantic Books.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Sekimori, Gaynor. 2005. “Paper Fowl and Wooden Fish: The Separation of Kami and Buddha Worship in Haguro Shugendō, 1869–1875.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 32 (2): 197–234.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wells, Marnix. 2005. Scholar Boxer: Chang Naizhou’s Theory of Internal Martial Arts and the Evolution of Taijiquan. North Atlantic Books.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Miyake Hitoshi (宮家準). 2006. “Kingendai no sangaku shūkyō to Shugendō (近現代の山岳宗教と修験道).” Meiji Seitoku Kinen Gakkai Kiyō (明治聖徳記念学会紀要), no. 43: 42–61.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Kajitani Toshiaki (梶谷敏明). 2009. Hikosan, Ganjaku-jō to Sasaki Kojirō (彦山・岩石城と佐々木小次郎). 2 (下). V2 Solution (ブイツーソリューション).
Cited in: Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō
Zhang Yun. 2009. The Complete Taiji Dao: The Art of the Chinese Saber. Blue Snake Books.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Ishida Tetsuya (石田哲弥). 2011. “Akiba Sanjakubō o hagukunda Tochio・Nagaoka no Zaō gongen to minzoku shinkō (秋葉三尺坊を育んだ栃尾・長岡の蔵王権現と民俗信仰).” Koshiji (越路), no. 381: 1–13.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Lorge, Peter. 2012. Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Fushigi na Chikara. 2015. Hachiko no Ōji no denshō to Dewa Sanzan ni sundeita daitengu Hagurosan Sankōbō (蜂子皇子の伝承と出羽三山に棲んでいた大天狗・羽黒山三光坊).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Ikezuki Ei. 2015. Aiki no Takeda Sōkaku: Musashi o koeta otoko (合気の武田惣角――武蔵を超えた男). Rekishi Shunjū Shuppan (歴史春秋出版).
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Karukome Yoshitaka. 2015. “Jikishinkage-ryū no seiritsu to sono denkei oyobi denshō ni kansuru ichikōsatsu (直心影流の成立とその伝系及び伝承に関する一考察).” Budōgaku Kenkyū (武道学研究) 47 (3): 119–38.
Cited in: Shinkage-ryū in Kyushu
Suzuki Masataka. 2015. Sangaku shinkō (山岳信仰). Chūkō Shinsho. Chūōkōron-Shinsha (中央公論新社).
Cited in: Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō
Ishida Tetsuya (石田哲弥). 2016. Hibuse Akiba shinkō no rekishi (火防秋葉信仰の歴史). Niigata Nippō Jigyōsha.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Sasamori Takemi, and M. Hague. 2016. Bushido and Christianity.
Cited in: Aiki and Internal Training
Wile, Douglas. 2016. “Fighting Words: Four New Document Finds Reignite Old Debates in Taijiquan Historiography.” Martial Arts Studies 1: 17–35.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Ronald S. Green. 2017. The Shingon Ajikan, Meditation on the Syllable ’A’: An Analysis of Components and Development.
Cited in: Comparing Patañjali's 8 Limbs with Buddha's Noble 8-fold path
Iwahana Michiaki. 2017. Dewa Sanzan: Sangaku shinkō no rekishi o aruku (出羽三山――山岳信仰の歴史を歩く). Iwanami Shinsho 1681. Iwanami Shoten (岩波書店).
Cited in: Taisha-ryū, Denrinbō Raikei, and Hikosan Shugendō
Zhang Yun, David Ho, Peter Capell, and Susan Darley. 2017. Tàijíquán Classics: The Essential Translation and Explanation with Commentary on History and Culture. YCGF North America.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Amdur, Ellis. 2018. It Ain’t Necessarily So: Banquo’s Ghost.
Cited in: Aiki and Internal Training
Zhang Yun, and Zhao Zeren. 2019. Meditations on Tàijíquán. Beijing Science and Technology Press.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Pradeep P. Gokhale. 2020. The Yogasūtra of Patañjali: A New Introduction to the Buddhist Roots of the Yoga System. Routledge India.
Cited in: Comparing Patañjali's 8 Limbs with Buddha's Noble 8-fold path
Chu, T. Julian. 2023. “Unraveling the Mystery Surrounding the Origins of Taijiquan by New Historical Materials in Tang Village, China.” Journal of Taiji Science 2 (1).
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice