Below you will find a consolidated, annotated register of the primary documents and secondary scholarship cited across this site. Please also consult the glossary for a list of terms and their definitions. Some information on the research methods and conventions is also available.
Source Register
Each entry below carries a short note on its provenance and evidentiary weight; primary manuscripts list their archive, shelfmark and access state. “Cited in” links each source back to the pages that use it. The register is generated at build time from a single bibliography, so it stays in step with the essays.
On independence. The author’s own writing is not independent corroboration of itself: neither innerdharma.org (this site) nor jikishinkageryu.org (opens in a new tab) counts as a corroborating source. Tradition-internal lineage tabulations (house dōtō lists and the like) are corroborative of formal names but are not independent of the line, and are marked as such.
Primary sources
Classical manuscripts and archival documents, with archive and shelfmark where held.
Chéng Zōngyóu (程宗猷; 1561–1636). 1621. “Gēngyú shèngjì (耕餘剩技; Skills Beyond Farming).” Manuscript.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Huáng Zōngxī (黃宗羲). 1669. “Wáng Zhēngnán mùzhìmíng (王征南墓誌銘; Epitaph for Wang Zhengnan).” Manuscript.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Nakano Nariaki. 1710. “Taisha-ryū kaichū (タイ捨流解紐).” Saga Prefectural Library (main building), Nabeshima-ke Bunko (reproduction; original deposited by the Nabeshima Hōkōkai). 複鍋/353-1 · 複製史料 (reproduction copy), in-library use only (禁帯出), open stacks (新庫３層), item code 210018230; on shelf. No digitization or published transcription located; photocopy of the reproduction obtainable on request.. Hizen Taisha-ryū densho dated Hōei 7 (1710), attributed to a Nabeshima retainer and grand-pupil of Kijima Keiemon, written to record the line’s oral transmission as a plain exposition; an internally-attested house text—evidence for the Hizen line’s self-understanding, not external corroboration of the school’s origins.
Hinatsu Shigetaka. 1716. Honchō bugei shōden (本朝武芸小伝). Multiple holdings (e.g. Naikaku Bunko; Tōhoku Univ. Kanō
Collection). 〔edition-specific〕 · Digitized (National Archives of Japan / NIJL). Completed Shōtoku 4 (1714), published Kyōhō 1 (1716) in
Kyoto; the oldest Japanese martial biographical compilation
and the conduit by which the Dewa-origin Hayashizaki
account became received tradition, though not contemporary
with the events and shadowed by a competing Sagami-origin
version (modern editions: Dai Nippon Butokukai 1920; an
enlarged annotated edition with a Wataya postscript).
Cited in: Dewa Shugendō and Kobudō
Dài Lóngbāng (戴龍邦). 1750. “Liùhé quán xù (六合拳序; Preface to the Six-Harmonies Fist Manual).” Manuscript.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Huáng Bǎijiā (黃百家). 1928. “Nèijiā quánfǎ (內家拳法; Methods of the Internal School), in Qīngshǐgǎo (清史稿).” Manuscript.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Wú Gōngzǎo (吳公藻). 1935. Tàijíquán jiǎngyì (太極拳講義). Hunan Martial Arts Training Institute
(湖南國術訓練所).
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Matsuo Bashō. 1979. Bashō: Oku no hosomichi, tsuki Sora ryonikki,
Okuhosomichi sugagomoshō (芭蕉
おくのほそ道――付
曾良旅日記・奥細道菅菰抄). Edited by Hagiwara Yasuo. Iwanami Bunko. Iwanami Shoten (岩波書店). Primary literary source for the Haguro–Gassan–Yudono
verses and the Gassan-smith passage, in Hagiwara Yasuo’s
standard annotated Iwanami Bunko edition (text of
1689–1702).
Patrick Olivelle. 1998. The Early Upaniṣads: Annotated Text and Translation. Oxford University Press.
Swami Veda Bharati. 2001. Yoga-Sūtras of Patañjali with the Exposition of Vyāsa,
Volume II: Sādhana-pāda. Motilal Banarsidass.
Rolf W. Giebel. 2005. The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sutra. BDK English Tripiṭaka. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.
Dakpo Tashi Namgyal. 2006. Mahāmudrā: The Moonlight — Quintessence of Mind and
Meditation. 2nd ed. Wisdom Publications.
Jōshin hosshinnō. n.d. “Shō-ichi-i Haguro Sansho Dai-gongen (正一位羽黒三所大権現).” n.d. Dewa Sanzan History Museum (出羽三山歴史博物館), Hagurosan. accession number not recorded · on display; photographed in situ, 2026. Brushed by the Tendai zasu Jōshin (Kajii-no-miya), making the apex-rank gongen titulature of the Tendai-aligned Haguro pole an authoritative internal witness; the reading of 承真 as Jōshin is conventional but not furigana-confirmed.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Jōshin hosshinnō. n.d. “Namu Shōken Daibosatsu (南無照見大菩薩).” n.d. Dewa Sanzan History Museum (出羽三山歴史博物館), Hagurosan. accession number not recorded · on display; photographed in situ, 2026. Authoritative as a Tendai-zasu autograph, but the bodhisattva-title 照見大菩薩 has no confirmed referent within the Dewa Sanzan pantheon and is left unidentified.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Author unknown. n.d. Kōbō Daishi sonzō (弘法大師尊像). Dewa Sanzan History Museum (出羽三山歴史博物館),
Hagurosan. accession number not recorded · on display; photographed in situ, 2026. Yudonosan Shingon-line founder-icon embodying the
Kūkai-foundation tradition against the Hachiko-no-Ōji
foundation of the Tendai Haguro side; undated and
unattributed on the museum label.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Dainichi-ji. n.d. Sanzan honji surimono (三山本地刷物). Dewa Sanzan History Museum (出羽三山歴史博物館),
Hagurosan. accession number not recorded · on display; photographed in situ, 2026. The issuing temple Dainichi-ji styles itself 正別當
(principal bettō), a claim that competes with Hondōji’s
standard designation as principal and Dainichibō’s
総本寺 claim, making the colophon a partisan witness; no
textual parallel for the geju could be located.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Author unknown. n.d. Tengu-kyō (天狗経). Nihon Daizōkyō, Shugendō shōsho subcollection. NDL Digital Collections (login-gated for the relevant
volumes); modern reprint via Kokusho Kankōkai 2000. Late, apocryphal mikkyō invocatory text of loose
transmission whose widely reproduced forty-eight-tengu list
(incl. Hagurosan Konkōbō) circulates via Edo woodblock
prints and is not an independent witness to any liturgical
recension.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Qī Jìguāng. 〔1560s; rev. c. 1584〕. Jìxiào xīnshū (紀效新書). Ming military manual whose long-sword section reproduces a
fragment of a Kage-ryū catalogue (影流之目録, with
stance figures and cursive Japanese) captured from wakō,
later carried into Mao Yuanyi’s Wǔbèizhì (武備志,
1621) and reintroduced to Japan via Matsushita Kenrin’s
Ishō Nihon-den (異称日本伝, 1688); the earliest
external witness to Kage-ryū technique nomenclature.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Kiyokawa Hachirō. 〔1855; modern ed. Iwanami Bunko, 1969〕. Saiyūsō (西遊草). Travel diary by the Shōnai-born bakumatsu activist
Kiyokawa Hachirō; records the "Nobukuni" long-sword and
swordsmen worshipping at the Hayashizaki shrine, an
independent contemporary witness to the iai votive
network.
Cited in: Dewa Shugendō and Kobudō
Kumano-Iai Ryō-Jinja (shrine history). 〔n.d.; shrine self-account〕. “Kumano-Iai Ryō-Jinja yuisho / engi (熊野居合両神社由緒; shrine history).” 〔n.d.; shrine self-account〕. Kumano-Iai Ryō-Jinja (熊野居合両神社), Hayashizaki, Murayama, Yamagata. 〔n/a〕 · Public. Self-history of the Murayama founder-shrine (popularly Hayashizaki Iai Jinja 林崎居合神社), giving the Kumano Gongen rock-cave origin, the relocation and re-styling as Kumano/Hayashizaki Myōjin, and the 1877 merger-registration as Kumano-Iai Ryō-Jinja; the 1877 date is well attested, the 807/Sekijōgatake foundation is not independently corroborated.
Cited in: Dewa Shugendō and Kobudō
Secondary scholarship
Modern scholarship, reference works and tabulations.
Dainichibō. n.d. Dainichibō kōshiki saito
(湯殿山総本寺瀧水寺大日坊 公式サイト). Institutional self-description that itself claims
総本寺/本山 status, hence a partisan witness in the
very inter-temple primacy contest it documents.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Dewa Sanzan Jinja. n.d. Dewa Sanzan Jinja kōshiki hōmupēji (出羽三山神社
公式ホームページ). Institutional self-description, reliable for current
enshrinement and the shrine’s own doctrinal framing but
partisan on contested founding and lineage questions.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Haguro-machi Kankō Kyōkai. n.d. Haguro-machi Kankō Kyōkai (羽黒町観光協会). Tourism-association summary of standard accounts, useful
for the triad-membership shift but not a primary
authority.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū Hyakuren-kai —
"Kashima Jingū no kanren shisetsu"
(鹿島神宮の関連施設). n.d. Hyakuren-kai (百錬会), https://100ren.jimdoweb.com/. Transcription and photographs of the 1968 founder’s stele
and the four Kashima Jingū monuments. The site asserts
copyright over its images; obtain permission or use your
own photographs for publication. Tradition-internal
source.
Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū — Issei-kai
(鹿島神傳直心影流 一誠会). n.d. Issei-kai homepage and "Rekidai Dōtōsha"
(歴代道統者) page, https://www.isseikaiweb.com/. The hakkō ichiu preamble and the lineage list.
Tradition-internal; not independent of the line.
Itō Nobuhiro (伊藤信博). n.d. “Tengu no imēji seisei ni tsuite — jūni-seiki kōhan
made o chūshin ni
(天狗のイメージ生成について――十二世紀後半までを中心に).” Nagoya Daigaku Gengo Bunka Ronshū
(名古屋大学言語文化論集) 29 (1). Academic treatment of medieval tengu image-formation;
useful on the Tengu-kyō as an Edo construct. Publication
year unverified.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Pranin, Stanley. n.d. Saigō Tanomo and Takeda Sokaku. Aiki News / Aikido Journal, various issues. Documents the Saigō Tanomo–Takeda Sokaku claim; note
Saigō Tanomo is now believed not to have practiced
budō.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Reichsarchiv. n.d. Arisugawa-no-miya-ke (有栖川宮家). Amateur compiled genealogy of degraded authority; the
1787–1841 dates should be verified against imperial-house
genealogical records before publication.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Hagurosan Kōtaku-ji Shōzenin. n.d. Hagurosan Kōtaku-ji Shōzenin kōshiki saito
(羽黒山荒澤寺正善院 公式サイト). Institutional self-description, reliable for the temple’s
current status and its own engi but partisan on contested
founding questions.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Sueki Fumihiko. n.d. Nihon Bukkyō-shi (日本仏教史). Cited at second hand via the Dewa Sanzan Shrine site for
its typology of kami–buddha subordination, not consulted
directly, and with publisher/year unverified.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Togawa Anshō. n.d. Dewa Sanzan to Tōhoku Shugen no kenkyū
(出羽三山と東北修験の研究). Scholarly study whose full imprint (publisher, year) is
unverified and should be confirmed via CiNii NCID
BA52222927 before citing.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Web Hiden. n.d. Okuyama Ryūhō (shodai) (奥山龍峰（初代）). Martial-arts media profile; useful for Okuyama’s lineage
and Yamagata origin, partisan toward the school it
documents.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Hakkō ichiu (八紘一宇). n.d. Japanese Wikipedia. Orientation on the slogan’s 1903 coinage by Tanaka Chigaku
and its wartime adoption; corroborate against print
scholarship before citing in print.
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Akiba Gongen (秋葉権現). Encyclopedic tertiary source, basis for distinguishing
Akiba Sanjakubō (Echigo Zaōdō origin) from Hagurosan
Sankōbō.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Dainichibō (大日坊). Encyclopedic tertiary source corroborating the four
Yudonosan Shingon bettō-ji and the Kūkai-versus-Hachiko
founding split, but not independent of the temples’ own
accounts.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Daitengu (大天狗). Encyclopedic tertiary source whose 48-tengu list should be
checked against a textual edition rather than treated as
canonical.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Dewa Sanzan (出羽三山). Encyclopedic tertiary source useful for orientation and
for its own cited authorities (e.g. Togawa 1973) but not
itself independent corroboration.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Haguro Gongen (羽黒権現). Encyclopedic tertiary source; useful for the
founder-identification chronology but to be checked against
the engi texts it summarizes.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Hakkō-ryū Jūjutsu (八光流柔術). Encyclopedic tertiary source; adequate for the
single-seminar fact, which corrects the "student of
Okuyama" characterization.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Kōtaku-ji (荒沢寺). Encyclopedic tertiary source corroborating the postwar
institutional facts, not independent of the temple’s own
account.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Saigō Tanomo (西郷頼母). Encyclopedic tertiary source; the
oshikiuchi-to-Daitō-ryū transmission it reports is a
contested popular tradition, not independent
corroboration.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wikipedia contributors. n.d. Tendai zasu (天台座主). Encyclopedic tertiary list of abbatial incumbencies,
adequate for establishing repeated tenure but not fine
dates.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Yamagata Prefecture. n.d. Dewa Sanzan (出羽三山), Yamagata monogatari. Government cultural-heritage summary at orientation level,
non-independent.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Yin Cheng Gong Fa North America. n.d. The Song of Push Hands (Dǎshǒu gē 打手歌).
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Táng Háo (唐豪), and Gù Liúxīn (顧留馨). 1964. Tàijíquán yánjiū (太極拳研究). Bailing, Hong Kong.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Earhart, H. Byron. 1970. A Religious Study of the Mount Haguro Sect of Shugendō. Sophia University.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Togawa Anshō. 1973. Dewa Sanzan Shugendō no kenkyū
(出羽三山修験道の研究). Kōsei Shuppansha (佼成出版社). Foundational scholarly study of Haguro Shugendō by its
principal modern researcher; a later revised edition
(Shinpan) is cited by the Dewa Sanzan Shrine but its
imprint and year are unverified here.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Blacker, Carmen. 1975. The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in
Japan. George Allen & Unwin.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Kuroki Toshihiro. 1976. Hizen budō monogatari (肥前武道物語). Saga Shinbunsha (佐賀新聞社). Regional martial-history by a former Saga University professor; the documentary basis (citing the Marume-family license roster, pp. 268–271) for the Denrinbō–Taisha-ryū connection and the Hizen Taisha-ryū transmission. Regional press, not peer-reviewed, and the Denrinbō biography within it rests on Taisha-ryū house tradition rather than external corroboration.
Nakano Hatayoshi, ed. 1977. Hikosan to Kyūshū no shugendō
(英彦山と九州の修験道). Sangaku shūkyō-shi kenkyū sōsho 13. Meicho Shuppan (名著出版). Standard scholarly collection on Hikosan and Kyūshū
mountain religion, edited by the leading Kyūshū-Shugendō
historian, with a dedicated Hizen section; the academic
anchor for the Hikosan, Iwaya-san, and Hizen-Shugendō
material. On-demand reprint, Meicho Shuppan, 2000 (ISBN
9784626015976).
Togawa Anshō, ed. 1978. Dewa Sanzan to Tōhoku shugen no kenkyū
(出羽三山と東北修験の研究). Sangaku shūkyō-shi kenkyū sōsho 5. Meicho Shuppan (名著出版). Standard scholarly collection on Dewa Sanzan and Haguro
Shugendō by the foremost Haguro authority, with a
primary-source section (Haguro engi, nyūbu records);
anchor for the Dewa material. ISBN given is the 2000
on-demand reprint of the 1978 original.
Watatani Kiyoshi, and Yamada Tadashi, eds. 1978. Zōho daikaitei Bugei ryūha daijiten (増補大改訂
武芸流派大事典). Tōkyō Kopii Shuppanbu (東京コピイ出版部). Standard comprehensive dictionary of Japanese martial-art
lineages and the usual reference for the Ōkuni-den
Kukishin-ryū bōjutsu and Takagi/Hontai Yōshin-ryū
entries; thorough but known to carry transcription errors,
so corroborate individual entries. First ed. 1969 (Jinbutsu
Ōraisha); CiNii BN01670478.
Henning, Stanley E. 1981. “The Chinese Martial Arts in Historical Perspective.” Military Affairs 45 (4): 173–79.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Hobsbawm, Eric, and Terence Ranger. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge University Press. Especially Hobsbawm’s "Introduction: Inventing Traditions"
— frame for the invented-tradition reading.
Wile, Douglas. 1983. Tai Chi Touchstones: Yang Family Secret Transmissions. Sweet Ch’i Press.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Hardacre, Helen. 1989. Shinto and the State, 1868–1988. Princeton University Press. Standard scholarly account of the formation and contested
boundaries of "State Shinto."
Hayashizaki Jinsuke Minamoto no Shigenobu-kō Shiryō
Kenkyū Iinkai. 1991. Hayashizaki Myōjin to Hayashizaki Jinsuke Shigenobu
(林崎明神と林崎甚助重信). Iai Shinbukai (居合振武会). Committee-compiled study of the founder and his shrine;
the most focused secondary treatment of the Hayashizaki
biography and the votive-dedication record, though produced
within the iai community and not a disinterested academic
source.
Cited in: Dewa Shugendō and Kobudō
Henning, Stanley E. 1994. “Ignorance, Legend and Taijiquan.” Journal of the Chen Style Taijiquan Research Association
of Hawaii 2 (3).
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Wile, Douglas. 1996. Lost T’ai-chi Classics from the Late Ch’ing Dynasty. State University of New York Press.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Zhang Yun. 1998. The Art of Chinese Swordsmanship: A Manual of Taiji Jian. Shambhala Publications.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Gotō Takeshi. 1999. Dewa Sanzan no shinbutsu bunri
(出羽三山の神仏分離). Iwata Shoin (岩田書院). Scholarly monograph on the Meiji separation at Dewa
Sanzan; the author’s given-name reading (赳司) is
unverified here.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wile, Douglas. 1999. T’ai Chi’s Ancestors: The Making of an Internal Martial
Art. Sweet Ch’i Press.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Nihon Daizōkyō Hensankai. 2000. Shugendō shōsho (修験道章疏). Kokusho Kankōkai (国書刊行会). Standard modern access edition for Shugendō texts, but
the presence and exact volume/page of the Tengu-kyō within
it remain unverified pending the Miyake kaidai index.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Sekimori, Gaynor. 2000. “Haguro Shugendō and the Separation of Buddha and Kami
Worship (shinbutsu bunri), 1868–1890.” PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Miyake Hitoshi (宮家準). 2001. Shugendō: Essays on the Structure of Japanese Folk
Religion. University of Michigan Center for Japanese Studies.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Miyake Hitoshi. 2001. Shugendō shōsho kaidai (修験道章疏解題). Kokusho Kankōkai (国書刊行会). Bibliographic apparatus and the instrument for confirming
a text’s location within the collection.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Keene, Donald. 2002. Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. Columbia University Press.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Chigiri Kōsai. 2004. Tengu no kenkyū (天狗の研究). Hara Shobō (原書房). The foundational compilation of tengu lore, systematizing
the eight great tengu (hattengu) of the sacred mountains; a
folklorist’s work, now dated and uncritical in places, so
use for the classification rather than for historicity.
Originally Dairiku Shobō, 1975.
Fujiwara Akira. 2004. Nihon no gisho (日本の偽書). Bunshun Shinsho 379. Bungei Shunjū (文藝春秋). By an independent (zaiya) researcher working to scholarly
standards; establishes the "modern fabricated national
history" reading and the prewar ultranationalist linkage,
but treats the Kuki document only in passing among the
major modern forgeries. Reprinted by Kawade Bunko, 2019
(ISBN 9784309416847).
Cited in: Kumano Sanzan and Kukishin-ryū
Hisano Toshihiko, and Tokieda Tsutomu, eds. 2004. Gimonjo-gaku nyūmon (偽文書学入門). Kashiwa Gakujutsu Library. Kashiwa Shobō (柏書房). Academic edited volume (opening with Amino Yoshihiko) on
forged documents; Fujiwara Akira’s closing chapter supplies
the scholarly framework treating the modern koshi-koden as
"modern fabricated national histories," the category to
which the Kuki document belongs—methodological grounding
rather than a dedicated Kuki-document study.
Cited in: Kumano Sanzan and Kukishin-ryū
Knutsen, Roald. 2004. Rediscovering Budo: From a Swordsman’s Perspective. Global Oriental. English practitioner account by a Kashima Shintō-ryū /
kendo exponent (menkyo kaiden in one of the oldest iai
transmissions, renshi 6th-dan kendo; trained 1976 under
Yoshikawa Kōichirō of Kashima Shintō-ryū), distributed
now via Brill; valuable for the esoteric-roots register but
weighted accordingly, and the cliff tale should be checked
for whether it is footnoted beyond oral transmission.
Cited in: Dewa Shugendō and Kobudō
Kennedy, Brian, and Elizabeth Guo. 2005. Chinese Martial Arts Training Manuals: A Historical
Survey. North Atlantic Books.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Sakamoto Toshiyuki. 2005. Kumano Sanzan to Kumano bettō
(熊野三山と熊野別当). Seibundō Shuppan (清文堂出版). Standard academic study of the Kumano bettō house and the
governing organization of the Kumano Sanzan, awarded the
2007 Nihon Sangaku Shugen Gakkai prize; grounds the genuine
Kumano-bettō context against which the ryūha’s founder
story is set, but treats the historical bettō lineage and
lends no support to any martial transmission.
Cited in: Kumano Sanzan and Kukishin-ryū
Sekimori, Gaynor. 2005. “Paper Fowl and Wooden Fish: The Separation of Kami and
Buddha Worship in Haguro Shugendō, 1869–1875.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 32 (2): 197–234.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Wells, Marnix. 2005. Scholar Boxer: Chang Naizhou’s Theory of Internal Martial
Arts and the Evolution of Taijiquan. North Atlantic Books.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Miyake Hitoshi (宮家準). 2006. “Kingendai no sangaku shūkyō to Shugendō
(近現代の山岳宗教と修験道).” Meiji Seitoku Kinen Gakkai Kiyō
(明治聖徳記念学会紀要), no. 43: 42–61. Responses to the shinbutsu bunri edicts and the Shintō
Directive.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Zhang Yun. 2009. The Complete Taiji Dao: The Art of the Chinese Saber. Blue Snake Books.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Knutsen, Roald. 2011. Tengu: The Shamanic and Esoteric Origins of the Japanese
Martial Arts. Global Oriental (Brill). English practitioner account reproducing dai-tengu from
koryū densho (Yagyū, Taisha-ryū and related material);
conflates Tengu-shō kata material with the Kashima/Katori
complex, so its tengu-kata attributions need checking
against primary densho before use.
Cited in: Dewa Shugendō and Kobudō
Lorge, Peter. 2012. Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First
Century. Cambridge University Press.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Fushigi na Chikara. 2015. Hachiko no Ōji no denshō to Dewa Sanzan ni sundeita
daitengu Hagurosan Sankōbō
(蜂子皇子の伝承と出羽三山に棲んでいた大天狗・羽黒山三光坊). Popular blog and the sole locus for the Sankōbō/Enkōbō
attendant cluster and the founder-identification —
single-source, unverifiable, devotional/folk material of
degraded reliability.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Ikezuki Ei. 2015. Aiki no Takeda Sōkaku: Musashi o koeta otoko
(合気の武田惣角――武蔵を超えた男). Rekishi Shunjū Shuppan (歴史春秋出版). Biographical study of Takeda Sōkaku; the author’s
given-name reading (映) is unverified here, and its
handling of the Saigō Tanomo transmission should be read
critically.
Cited in: Haguro Shugendō
Matsuo Makinori, and Goga Tomotsugu. 2015. “Tōchi-jidai no Taiwan ni okeru kyūdō ni tsuite:
Sekka-ha kyūjutsu to Kawashima Takashi
(統治時代の台湾における弓道について
－雪荷派弓術と川島堯－).” Nihon Budō Gakkai dai-48-kai taikai kenkyū happyō
shōroku
(日本武道学会第48回大会研究発表抄録), 16. Conference abstract, 48th Annual Conference of the
Japanese Academy of Budo (2015), by kyūdō historians
Matsuo (International Budo University) and Goga (Tsukuba);
strongest academic source on Kawashima to date. From Sakai
Hikotarō’s disciple register, confirms Kawashima as a
Heki-ryū Sekka-ha (雪荷派) disciple holding a
指南免許 and the first Tainan enrollee — resolving
the Sekka-ha/Chikurin-ha conflict against the 1939 Asahi’s
竹林派. Also: crossed to Taiwan as a kendō teacher,
taught kendō/jūdō at the police normal school, opened
the 覚眞館 kyūdō dōjō in 1931; a surviving furibō
(振り棒; Jikishinkage-ryū) group photo held by
Kawashima Katsuko places JSKR kenjutsu at the first Tainan
Butokuden. An abstract; fuller peer-reviewed treatment in
the team’s Budōgaku Kenkyū 54(2), 2022.
Cited in: Kawashima Takashi
Suzuki Masataka. 2015. Sangaku shinkō (山岳信仰). Chūkō Shinsho. Chūōkōron-Shinsha (中央公論新社). Recent scholarly survey of Japanese mountain religion and
Shugendō by a leading anthropologist of religion; general
anchor for yamabushi ascetic practice and the institutional
structure of Shugendō behind the sōhei-versus-ryūha
distinction.
Sasamori Takemi, and M. Hague. 2016. Bushido and Christianity.
Cited in: Aiki and Internal Training
Wile, Douglas. 2016. “Fighting Words: Four New Document Finds Reignite Old
Debates in Taijiquan Historiography.” Martial Arts Studies 1: 17–35.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Ronald S. Green. 2017. The Shingon Ajikan, Meditation on the Syllable ’A’: An
Analysis of Components and Development.
Iwahana Michiaki. 2017. Dewa Sanzan: Sangaku shinkō no rekishi o aruku
(出羽三山――山岳信仰の歴史を歩く). Iwanami Shinsho 1681. Iwanami Shoten (岩波書店). Accessible synthesis by a historical geographer of Dewa
Sanzan; covers the four-seasons peak training, the
death-and-rebirth pilgrimage structure, and Bashō’s Gassan
verse, and explicitly sets Haguro alongside Hikosan and
Kumano—directly supports the comparative framing.
Zhang Yun, David Ho, Peter Capell, and Susan
Darley. 2017. Tàijíquán Classics: The Essential Translation and
Explanation with Commentary on History and Culture. YCGF North America.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Amdur, Ellis. 2018. It Ain’t Necessarily So: Banquo’s Ghost.
Cited in: Aiki and Internal Training
Harada Minoru. 2018. Gisho ga egaita Nihon no chōkodai-shi
(偽書が描いた日本の超古代史). Kawade Yume-bunko. Kawade Shobō Shinsha (河出書房新社). Survey by the recognized specialist in Japanese
pseudo-history; addresses the Kuki document directly among
the koshi-koden (named in its subtitle), but issued in a
popular imprint rather than peer-reviewed.
Cited in: Kumano Sanzan and Kukishin-ryū
Zhang Yun, and Zhao Zeren. 2019. Meditations on Tàijíquán. Beijing Science and Technology Press.
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Pradeep P. Gokhale. 2020. The Yogasūtra of Patañjali: A New Introduction to the
Buddhist Roots of the Yoga System. Routledge India.
Chu, T. Julian. 2023. “Unraveling the Mystery Surrounding the Origins of
Taijiquan by New Historical Materials in Tang Village,
China.” Journal of Taiji Science 2 (1).
Cited in: An Overview of Wú Tàijíquán Practice
Sasamori Junzō. 〔unverified〕. 〔Shin-musō Hayashizaki-ryū kata transmission (Sasamori
/ Tsugaru line) — specific publication to identify〕. Source for the documented Hayashizaki form-set (Omote
Mukaemi, Migimi, Hidarimi, Sotomono, etc.), corroborated by
the Nihon Kobudō body; the names are
positional/enumerative, confirming the absence of
tengu-named kata. Sasamori Junzō’s principal published
work is the Ittō-ryū gokui; the exact Hayashizaki-iai
title needs identifying.
Cited in: Dewa Shugendō and Kobudō
Onozaki Norio. 〔year unverified〕. Shōnai-han no bujutsu: tsuke Matsuyama-han no bujutsu
(庄内藩の武術 : 附松山藩の武術). 〔Publisher unverified — small/private press,
ISBN-prefix 4-907161〕. Compiled by the kyūdō historian Onozaki Norio (b. 1940)
from the Chidōkan academy and the Sakata/Tsuruoka
archives; the anchor for the Shōnai domain curriculum
(kenjutsu incl. Jikishinkage-ryū and Shinshin Yagyū-ryū;
iai Tamiya-ryū and Kage-ryū written 景流, distinct from
Aisu’s 陰流).
Cited in: Dewa Shugendō and Kobudō