Examples of Psychological Pressure in Jikishinkage-ryū
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There is something before heaven and earth, formless and silent. It can manifest/master all things, and does not wither with the seasons.
I: Raito and Sente
We examine combative posture in Shinkage-ryū (called kurai) and how posture appears to affect initiative. What is first observed may be quite different from hidden layers of meaning and practice.
Raito (the variation of jodan no kamae used in Jikishinkage-ryū) is often viewed as a strong offensive kamae, good to attack from. It is a variant of jodan where the arms are stretched overhead with the tip of the sword angled behind you overhead. It seems like it would be a position from which you could launch a powerful attack, and in fact is. However, in to-no-kata, we actually do not see shidachi using raito to directly attack, except in one introductory kata called menkage.
In to-no-kata, the first kata called ryubi (dragon's tail) involves stepping forward and backwards, executing continuous yokomen strikes to the side of the head (or forearm if the opponent is in an upper level stance such as jodan or hasso). The next two kata, called menkage drill similar movements with a direct, downward, cut to the helmet (men). The third pairing, first part of a set called teppa, involve waiting in raito and cutting kesa down to the left or the right, with associated footwork against an upper level or mid level attack.
Then in the second half of teppa, matsukaze, and hayafune (6 of the kata in the set as a whole) shidachi advances three steps in raito and then cuts down slowly to show they know what proper range is. Then various things happen. Again, shidachi advances in raito but does attack from raito. He provokes uchitachi into moving, but uchi does not initially take the bait. This is unusual for a kenjutsu ryuha, as usually uchitachi attacks shidachi in some way, or leads him into a specific situation. But in to-no-kata, we are learning in these kata how to attack and a lot is hidden beneath the surface.
In Jikishinkage-ryū, we want to train ourselves to know what the optimal distance (ma-ai) is from which to attack and advance in a way that shuts down options for the opponent. Similarly, in Hōjō, uchidachi advances in raito three steps and presents a target, which shidachi attacks. For example, in the teppa kata where shidachi advances, uchidachi attacks first or has to respond: the kasumi cut shidachi performs is one way to break (thus the name teppa, which means breaking iron) the seigan (chudan) kamae uchidachi is in. Similarly, in the second kata in Hōjō, shidachi advances forward and follows with kasumi from seigan. We need to drill how to respond when uchidachi does blink or flinch and moves. If they do, cutting men or yokomen or kesa from raito, like we do in ryubi and menkage, is a skill that should eventually be reflexive, filling the gap.
If you think of to-no-kata as somewhat of a progression, then in ryubi and menkage there is movement on the part of both combatants. If the opponent moves back, to attempt to get out of range and disconnect or respond tactically at some kind of angle, we chase them down and cut them down. It looks on the surface as though uchi is doing kage (mirroring/reflecting/shadowing) to shidachi’s attack, but in fact uchi is retreating first, setting up the kata for shidachi. So in fact it is shidachi learning how to shadow (kage) uchidachi’s retreat.
The next two kata explore what happens if you don’t have initiative and someone comes in on you. In the first two kata in teppa, shidachi cuts with kesagiri to the right and then to the left. Then the format shifts where we have six kata where we are advancing. In the second two teppa kata, we deal with what happens if the person does not move from their stance (i.e., they are like iron) and we meet in awase (mutual seigan or what is sometimes called musugu in Shinkage-ryū). Distance is broken, we are in range, and a sudden thrust or kasumi is a reasonable action to take.
Another new reflex developed.
Often, when a person is in raito and the range is just a bit too close (i.e., they have made a mistake, or they are about to attack and haven’t moved yet), if we are in hasso or sha no kurai (a lower level stance where the sword extends out behind you, between waist and knee level) we can take advantage and interrupt their attack. This is sometimes called sen sen no sen (pre-empting an attack which has been decided upon but not yet manifested). So, hasso and sha (on either side; on the left people call it sometimes waki-no-kamae or gyaku-sha) are very good postures to attack from, in this preemptive manner. In fact, uchidachi attacks quite a bit from a low stance in Jikishinkage-ryū. Although we get accustomed to the end of many of the to-no-kata to be kind of rote or ritual in nature, there are a lot of opportunities there for variations and they should be explored.
It is less tiring to be in hasso, your hands are not as vulnerable, and you can attack very quickly. So hasso is on the inside very aggressive (ken), but it is outwardly waiting/hidden (tai). In Hōjō we see attacks by shidachi from hasso and from sha. In to-no-kata we see initial cuts from raito and then later in matsukaze, from sha. Interestingly, shidachi does not adopt hasso at any point in to-no-kata.
This I think is a riddle.
To attack suddenly and with power from raito, a very important skill to cultivate to help with doing so are being able to relax in raito while stretching the arms and then cut with gravity, adding to gravity instead of fighting it, so that you can generate power in an instant. The arms should be stretched in raito, with the shoulder blades pulled down, so that when you cut you feel as if you are releasing an arrow into flight. None of the joints should be locked — in Chinese martial arts we sometimes call this song or "relaxed", albeit that is a somewhat technical term with a specific meaning. In this context, we want to be relaxed as much as possible, so that when the opponent makes a mistake, there is little to no delay. Kage here (mirroring/shadowing) is an active action versus simply passively miming a movement of another person — it is operating at a mental and spiritual level.
Generally, in Shinkage-ryū we want to provoke the opponent into making a mistake. Some lines of Shinkage-ryū kata do this by leaving an opening, to lure the opponent into attacking from a specific angle they are expecting. This can work quite well sometimes, but also devolve into being an overly passive approach. Adherents think if they are smart enough, and precise enough, they can win, but can get used to too specific attacks in kata practice, especially if they never stress test their training through sparring.
Jikishinkage-ryū, as I understand it does less of that, but instead tries to dominate the opponent, cutting down options for them. In the ideal case, you fix them in place, or drive them back, and then cut them down without them reacting. There is a famous story about a match like that with Sakakibara. But for normal people like us, it is more likely we might be able to cause a person to flinch or react and attack us when they are not quite ready or not stable — we are entering but haven’t yet attacked, and we get them to overreact. Then their attack is sudden but not as strong as it should be, and potentially they haven’t moved as much as they would like, so we can cut through their attack and fix them in place, often cutting downward through the centerline and catching the head or torso or forearms.
I think that is why in a lot of the to-no-kata, one person does not react. We are training ourselves not to get perturbed by what the other person is doing. This is called fudoshin. Then the attacks or reactions in the second six to-no-kata (the end of teppa, matsukaze, hayafune) are about how does one follow up and still attack when the initial entry does not shake the opponent out of their stance.
The different kata of Jikishinkage-ryū relate to each other in a recursive fashion. For example, the triangle step of Sangakuen is presented/encoded within Jikishinkage-ryū in the kata Ryubi (Tail of the Dragon) and Menkage, but one has to explore kuzushi and variation in order to find it. Doing so then prepares the practitioner for more advanced kuzushi with kodachi, but also develops in them a new understanding of the tactical practices encoded within to-no-kata.
We can find written in a densho handed from Kammiizumi to Yagyū Munetoshi:
As for the two aspects [of combat] that are attack (ken 懸) and defense (tai 待), [one should] not [let the mind] linger on one aspect but [always] adjust oneself freely from moment to moment in accordance with the opponent’s movements. This [free, moment-by-moment adjustment] is like [the natural and swift] manipulating of a sail in accordance with the change of the wind [at the precise moment when the change is felt] or the [immediate] releasing of the hawk as soon as the rabbit is detected. Usually, one defines attack to be attack and defense to be defense, but [in our lineage] attack is not attack and defense not defense; when attacking, the mind is in defense, and when defending, the mind is in attack. It is like the cat sleeping under the flowering peony tree.32 (Densho handed down from Kamiizumi Hidetsuna 上泉秀綱 [c. 1508–1577], founder of Shinkage-ryū, to Yagyū Munetoshi 柳生宗厳 [1529–1606]
— Trenson, S., 2022 quoting Omori, N. 1991. (see references)
The dualities of ken and tai referenced above relate to mind and movement, and attack and defense. They are a a very useful perspective by which one can analyze portions of Jikishinkage-ryū kata that remain close to other Shinkage-ryū. Let us now turn to a feature of Jikishinkage-ryū that is quite different to other surviving lines of practice.
Jikishinkage-ryū kata practice often adopts a two part ya-ei kiai. The ya kiai voiced just as we break ma-ai might cause a person to flinch and give up their stance or posture. I don’t think most people’s kiai is good enough to do that (mine isn’t, and I have spent a lot of time trying to cultivate proper kiai) so I usually never in sparring do a two-part ya-ei kiai. But I think the ya-ei is a hint to what is going on in each kata – we provoke the other person, and attack them just as they are thinking of attacking.
This also might be an example of sen sen no sen.
II: From Kodachi to Kogusoku
An examination of the kodachi portions of the Jikishinkage-ryū curriculum and how it might be applied in close range armed grappling (kogusoku). The aggressive nature of kodachi, a weaker weapon than tachi, is a further illustration of how the ability to exert psychological pressure is cultivated in the practice.
Using kodachi practice as an example, we now turn to a discussion of how different kata sets in Jikishinkage-ryū relate to and inform one another and describe some applications and variations on standard practice. Kodachi can be an entry point to close-range armed grappling, which we call kogusoku. [1]
According to the Koyo Gunkan Massho Ketsuyobon, related in Chapter 5 of Takeda-ryū Gungaku Zensho Kanokai (1935), the founder of Jiki Shinkage-ryū, Matsumoto Bizen no Kami, fought in combat with the spear 23 times in the battles of Kashima and Katori and claimed the heads of 25 officers and 76 ordinary soldiers. Yamada Ippusai, the 4th generated head of Jiki, is supposed to have arranged To-no-kata, and likely added the unpo, a-un kokyu, and long kiai we see in Hōjō. Jiki Shinkage-ryū before Yamada Ippusai was likely closer to other forms of Shinkage-ryū. One area of study maintained in some lines of Shinkage-ryū is close-quarter armed combat called kogusoku. Below I describe Jikishinkage-ryū kodachi at a high level, how it relates to other parts of the art's curriculum, and some applications of formal kata one can elicit in free practice.
Kodachi is the first "upper level" kata set in Jikishinkage-ryū and it starts to involve refined body mechanics that would be very difficult to just jump into without doing unpo, Hōjō, and To-no-kata first, or having some other training of some kind to rely on. Even though there are only six kata, they take some time to develop skill at. In addition, they are more heavily modified from their true intention/application, potentially in order to conceal what is going on from outsiders. Hōjō and To-no-kata have many layers of meaning as well, but in Kodachi we can't just jump in and do that without having solid Jiki Shinkage-ryū body mechanics established. It is dependent on the person already being a Jikishinkage-ryū practitioner, as opposed to teaching someone how to become a Jikishinkage-ryū practitioner.
Posture and stepping methods taught in Hōjō help us avoid attacks and also generate power. Hips are straight in pure Jiki, and this is something that takes time to cultivate if a person has practiced other martial arts. Other Shinkage-ryū will pull across the lower back (koshi) to generate power. Jikishinkage-ryū in the line I was taught keeps the hips straight. When entering in kodachi, it is especially important on the initial contact to keep the hips square and not tilt the upper body or lean to either side. Doing so will weaken the entry and leave the swordsman vulnerable to the power of the tachi.
One example of how earlier sets prepare for later practice is the early introduction of tai atari. Tai Atari performed in Hasso Happa at first seems like a ritualistic movement, but it sets in place a mindset important for later sets such as kodachi, where one has to attack in a fully commited manner, not being concerned with success or failure. One throws one's life away to get close enough to the tachi to survive.
Tai atari, in kuzushi (application/analysis) can be continuous and upward angled to continue to advance after a downward cut forces an opponent back. One can add a sideways deflection if needed, but should not wait or try to time a perfect engagement. This is a half sword position called Torii-dome (gate block), which can be useful in an emergency. However, many things are not final – uchitachi can press upward against that movement to deflect. Shidachi can flow over the top in a forward version of the half sword position with the left hand on the forehead (normally in kata shown retreating vs a lateral pressing cut).
So, sometimes movements taught moving forward in pattern practice, if reversed, exhibit deeper levels of practice. There are many riddles such as these. For example, the upper level (jodan) Tai Atari from the last kata in Hōjō, called Chotan Ichimi, can be an upward deflection against a downward attack that then twists immediately to the side to stab the face or cut the side of neck, instead of a ritualistic stab from long range, as initially presented.
In the dojo I trained at, we did long Ya Ei kiai extended for breath training during Hōjō. Other groups do shorter sharper kiai in Hōjō and To-no-kata. There are said to be three levels of practice of each kata set in Jikishinkage-ryū. One can imagine the first as being to draw out the spirit in the practitioner, with a focus on breathing and long powerful kiai. The second could be refining that power into a sharper, more precise, instrument. The third quiets the practice, and develops the ability to respond and move unencumbered, driven by intuition and wisdom.
The next Jiki Shinkage-ryū kata set after Kodachi is called Habiki. Habiki refers to the use of actual swords instead of shinai or bokken, albeit with a rebated edge. A challenge will be finding suitable implements. The practice is destructive – habiki-to (rebated edge swords) used for this practice will invariably get damaged over time. Historically, people would use older swords they didn't care about as much. These are now called "antiques" so one needs suitable alternatives. Generally, we want swords that are sturdy, so that they are safe to use and do not fall apart on us, but we run into the problem that higher-quality modern swords are also expensive, even if they are not antiques.
There is a complex body mechanics involved when executing the yielding (nagashi) movement in the outer (omote) way of practice in kodachi, where a person rises up with ankles crossed on the outer edges of both feet. This trains the lower tendons in the ankles and shins but is likely not actually combative – you would not do that against an opponent as you wind up unstable – in fact, there very little power associated to the final cut in each kata when performed that way, unless you connect the two arms across the back. In that omote manner of performance, it is a slow ritualistic downward cut performed with the kiai of "mu".
Kodachi is in some ways closer to Hōjō than To-no-kata, in that a lot of its true intentions are obscured. Hōjō is "explained" quite a bit by a later set, Habiki, which some view as an older version of Hōjō, but I believe is also a bridge to applying what a person has learned in Hōjō to combat. If Hōjō is similar to or related to Sangakuen no Tachi in other lines of Shinkage-ryū, then Habiki is similar to or related to Empi no Tachi in other lines of Shinkage-ryū.
What is different about kodachi compared to Hōjō in Jiki Shinkage-ryū is that the upper-level set performed with kodachi, called Marobashi, is heavily ritualized and obscured and does not explain kodachi very much at all. Hōjō provides basic foundations of practice, To-no-kata develops basic tactics and the concept of centerline, Kodachi teaches infighting and also stability around the central axis. Habiki puts it all together and refines lower body connection and back bow in the practitioner, for stability, agility, and strength.
At the Gassankan, we practice applications in armed grappling, which Shinkage-ryū calls kogusoku (a term used by several arts). In the way I am organizing my teaching, kodachi is the last kata set of the first group of teachings we focus on, and kogusoku is the first private set. I will only discuss it at a high level here. The six kodachi kata are:
- Fūsei
- Suisei
- Kissaki Gae(shi)
- Tsuba Jiri
- Toppi Oppi
- Enkai
Fusei and Suisei are paired — winding up in a bind (tsuba zerai), right hand palm down. Fusei enters from above while suisei enters from below. Kissaki Gaeshi and Tsuba Jiri are also paired — also winding up in a bind, but right hand palm up. Kissaki gaeshi enters from above and Tsuba Jiri enters from below. On the first 3 kata, we enter with the left foot forward. The fourth kata (Tsuba Jiri) begins with the right foot forward, but has two sections, so we end with the left foot forward ultimately.
Fusei & Suisei
On Fūsei and Suisei, there are several kuzushi or kogusoku applications, which depend on how uchidachi is affected by the initial entry. If you both meet and feel uchi is strong, then you yield as in the formal kata, ideally off balancing uchidachi. But, instead of lifting the left arm and doing the slow downward cut with "mu" kiai, control from the inside of his right arm with your left hand to further off balance him and then cut his neck immediately. If you meet and he remains connected at the tsuba (tsuba zerai), slip to the right, pulling him to the left with your left arm and cutting horizontally to the right. Since the kodachi is shorter, you can get past his blade. If you meet and he bounces off you, due to your momentum and posture, step forward and cut his face mask (ganmen) vertically, continuing to drive him back. There is also a more subtle or "ideal" application, which is not kogusoku per se, as it does not involve body to body contact. You perform slightly different footwork on the entry to bypass his cut and directly cut his neck. This is best done with armor, as it is very direct and dangerous. This is hard to do, as it requires you to still have the same full weight on the lead leg and feeling of stopping immediately, but from a different angle. This has to be explained in person and is not for the uninitiated.
Kissaki Gaeshi
On Kissaki Gaeshi, there is an alternate footwork that allows you to cut the neck directly, bypassing his sword. If you wind up in tsuba zerai, then there are kuzushi that more closely mirror the standard slow practice. Enter as usual and lift uchi's arm and roll it over, controlling their scapula, to double them over and cut downward at the back of their neck. This more aggressively doubles uchi over than in the standard kata. This is a one-handed arm bar type of motion, but you do it just long enough to cut or stab. I generally curve the arm here more than some of my compatriots, closer to how the Ku-un kai demonstrates the kata than how it is practiced in some other surviving lines of the art. You can also enter with the left foot after you have control of the upper arm, to throw uchidachi down and back, for a second variation. From the initial tsuba zerai position palm up, you can pull his arms to his right with your left arm, instead of trying to control his elbow, and cut directly outward across his neck. Then turn your palm to face down and pull his sword down, keeping his momentum going, and cut directly outward across his neck. The left arm can come forward to engage and control his arm. This can be done in place or adding a cross step with the left foot to the outside of the right foot.
Tsuba Jiri
Some kogusoku applications on Tsuba Jiri, from the second part, where you are pushing downward on the tsuka (hilt) between uchidachi's grip and would formally do a long slow circle and stab with "mu" kiai, include: taking uchidachi down to the left, over your left leg; scooping the leg if uchidachi squats down; driving directly forward to take uchidachi down and back along his line of attack; and turning inward slightly and entering with the left leg and elbow to take uchidachi down sideways and back (to his left). These train different directions to take uchidachi down, and in each you follow and stab as he lands.
One also can attack the proximal side of the neck quickly, making sure to keep downward pressure on the tsuka as you do so. The sweeps and throws are useful if they begin to grapple with you, or draw another weapon (e.g., their own kodachi or tanto) once at close range. Other related arts that preserve a jujutsu curriculum (e.g., Kashima-shinryu) perform movements like this, albeit with tachi instead of kodachi.
On Tsuba Jiri, we also can also practice kuzushi from the initial palm up, right foot forward, entry. We want the direction of contact to begin to drive uchi backwards and onto his heels or arching his back a little bit if possible. If that begins to drive uchi back, we can lever the left grip forward a bit to begin to bend his right arm as we step our left foot forward. As we do so, we can fold the kodachi over the top to cut the right side of his neck. It is important to explore different directions as uchi is having his grip levered and the footwork and counter balance he uses to neutralize temporarily what shidachi is doing.
Toppi Oppi
Toppi oppi is about developing leg strength and helps prepare for the next kata set, called habiki. Classically, it is performed into a half seiza position with one leg extended, from which shidachi springs up, lifting the pelvic floor and engaging the psoas as the bent leg drives upward. I favor a low crouching posture I favor when doing the kata, to be able to spring upwards quickly, which is adopted from Hebei Xingyi. This is one small difference in how I preserve Jikishinkage-ryū kodachi compared to orthodox lines. On the first kneeling position (on the right knee) the kodachi is held one handed at your right side and the left hand at the left side of the body. When you rise up and deflect inwards and upwards, palm up, you kick with the right leg. On the second kneeling position (on the left knee) the kodachi is on your center line, with the left hand on top of the mune (back of the blade).
Enkai
Enkai is the key that unlocks the previous five kata, introducing the concept that leads to advanced kuzushi for the initiated, which I allude to but do not describe above.
Tsuba zerai is not only for kodachi against tachi. One can practice tsuba-zerai (meeting with the tsuba) also with shinai. So, for example, one can start ryubi and uchidachi can do a T step instead of stepping back and meet tsuba-zerai instead of with a cut. We also drill jun (right hand palm up) and gyaku (right hand palm down, hands crossed) entries to tsuba-zerai in free practice, using fukuro shinai. Shidachi can practice meeting their force and off-balancing them slightly and then cutting the side (tare). Uchidachi can practice half-sword techniques and T-step to respond at close range. Uchidachi can also half-sword on the initial T-step, as a separate approach to avoid tsuba-zerai. Usually, this cuts under the wrist. Some of kodachi then informs to-no-kata. In Matsukaze, movements presented in the kodachi kissaki gaeshi allow us to move around the opponent's blade. This is an example of marobashi or "free or unimpeded movement". In Shinkage-ryū, there is a maxim: one mind, any weapon.
These are but some of the concepts that make Jikishinkage-ryū a lifelong practice.
End Notes
- The process of deconstruction of kata is called kuzushi in Shinkage-ryū. Examples of kuzushi provided in the kodachi section are drawn from drills I worked with my Seattle group in 2022-2023 — these are not formal parts of the Jikishinkage-ryū curriculum I learned.